虹桥观点 

“虹桥观点”栏目，旨在汇集虹桥国际经济论坛政商学研各界代表重要观点，为凝聚开放共识、促进全球开放贡献虹桥智慧。

以下为伦敦经济学院经济学教授、诺贝尔经济学奖获得者克里斯托弗·皮萨里德斯在《世界开放报告2022》发布暨国际研讨会的主旨演讲：

我从伦敦向诸位致以亲切的问候。我是克里斯托弗·皮萨里德斯。目前是伦敦经济学院经济学教授，曾在2010年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。今天我想借此机会谈谈“开放”在国际经济关系中的作用，以及论坛发布的这份《世界开放报告2022》。

经济学家都知道，开放能促进经济发展。开放的经济体可以进行产业分工，互通贸易。自“现代经济学之父”亚当·斯密始，分工提高效率，而开放能提高经济效率，就开始成为共识。

但从开放中受益的不仅仅是经济效率。社会的最终目标是增进民生福祉。而福祉根源于我们的社会、文化和经济生活；最重要的是，这一目标能消除贫困和纾解苦难，让那些遭遇不幸的人们过上一定水平的生活。社会良性互动、文化交流互鉴、经济开放发展、思想活跃碰撞、人们自由流动的世界，必将优于一个自我封闭、彼此分割的世界。了解彼此的文化和社会习俗是和平共处的先决条件；商品和思想的交流能打开孤立的单个国家无法企及的视野。

有时，我们出于各种原因支持逐步开放而保护本国产业，这要么是因为体量太小，仍处于成长之中，无力参与竞争，要么是因为其他贸易国的不公平做法妨碍了效率的提高。

但无论如何，开放都是政策制定者和企业家希望实现的经济目标。

《世界开放报告》是推进这一目标的宝贵工具：帮助各国了解开放的好处；告诉他们各自所处的位置，助力其取得更大成就。目前有国际组织针对竞争力、创新能力、透明度和腐败程度以及其他影响经济和社会福祉的指标对国家进行各种排名。但还没有一个关于开放程度的排名。这份报告正好填补了这一空白。

它计算许多国家的世界开放指数，通过该指数提供某一国家对世界其他地区的开放程度的信息。值得欢迎的是，它在构建世界开放指数时新增了社会和文化两个需要审视的要素。考察社会和文化因素的经济指数实属罕见，虽然两者在促进国家间良好关系方面确实具有重要意义。良好关系也会促进经济交流。

当然，《世界开放报告》除了开放指数之外，还有许多重要内容。它们以独立文章的形式出现在各章节中，提供了很多有关开放的重要信息。这些文章致力于促进全球范围内的开放，并介绍中国在其中的重要作用。例如，本报告中讨论的“一带一路”倡议便是促进开放的一项重要举措，中国通过该倡议以投资促进沿线国家的经济发展。它还将优秀工人的技术传播到没有相关技术储备的国家。

自从20世纪实现大规模工业化生产以来，开放和全球化一直呈上升态势。1980年代起推行改革开放的中国是这一进程的主要受益者，也借力“一带一路”倡议和扩大产品出口成为其主要贡献者。知识交流在促进国家间的开放和合作方面也发挥了重要作用，为科学进步做出了重要贡献。

近些年来，全球化进程受到抑制，许多公司开始将生产本地化，而不再继续利用国外生产设施和市场。这很大程度上是因为某些一次性因素，如2008年金融危机、三年新冠疫情以及今年的乌克兰战事，所有这些都平添了地缘政治的不确定性，推动一些国家将许多经营活动撤回境内。新兴数字技术有利于本地化生产的实现，它们因此有可能无需遭受重大损失，就达到商品生产和服务供应回流的目的。

地缘政治紧张局势和对世界贸易组织等国际组织角色的分歧，为未来带来诸多不确定性；而不确定性又阻碍了需要国家间合作的投资活动。不幸的是，这种不确定性也妨碍我们享受与世界其他地区更多互动带来的好处。各国需要认清这一现实，并继续努力消除在经济开放方面的分歧。人工智能和自动化技术的发展，可以成为解决各种矛盾的催化剂，但前提是人类能将它们运用于消除贫困和增进共同福祉的事业中。

《世界开放报告》为如何实现这一目标提供了许多有益洞见，我忠心祝贺中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所和虹桥国际经济论坛研究中心共同发起并撰写出这份高质量的报告。它应该成为任何对经济发展和国际经济关系感兴趣的人士的权威参考工具，我期待能读到报告的后续版本。

Christopher Pissarides

Regius Professor of the London School of Economics, Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences in 2010

Greetings from London. My name is Christopher Pissarides. I am a Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics and the 2010 Nobel Laureate in Economic Sciences. I would like to take this opportunity to say a few things about the role of openness in international economic relations, and the 2022 World Openness Report that is being launched at these meetings.

As economists, we know that openness promotes economic development. Open economies can specialize and trade with each other. It has been known since Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, that specialization increases efficiency and so openness promotes economic efficiency.

But there is more than economic efficiency that can benefit from openness. Society’s ultimate objective is to improve the well-being of its people. Well-being derives from our social, cultural and economic life; above all, the objective is to fight poverty and misery, which do not allow those unfortunate enough to suffer it to live beyond subsistence. A world that engages in free social, cultural and economic interaction, including exchange of ideas and travel across borders, is one that is superior to a system of recluse nations. Understanding each other’s cultures and social conventions is a prerequisite to peaceful coexistence; exchange of goods and ideas opens horizons that cannot be unlocked by single isolated countries.

Occasionally, there may be reasons to pursue openness gradually, to protect domestic industry, either because it is too small to compete and it is still growing, or because there are unfair practices in other trading countries that act as barriers to efficiency.

But whatever the situation, openness is an economic objective that policy-makers and business people want to be informed about.

The World Openness Report is a valuable tool to advance this aim: it informs countries of the benefits of openness; it tells them where they stand, and it helps them achieve more. We have rankings of countries by international organizations that address competitiveness, innovation potential, transparency and corruption, and many others that influence economic and social well-being. But we do not have one on openness. This Report fills this gap.

The Report calculates a World Openness Index for many countries, which provides information about their openness to the rest of the world. Welcome additions to the factors that it considers in the construction of the World Openness Index are the social and cultural pillars. It is rare to find economic indices that consider social and cultural factors, despite their importance in promoting good relations between nations. Good relations encourage better economic exchange too.

But there is a lot more than the openness index in the World Openness Report. The special features, appearing as self-contained essays in individual chapters, are informative in important aspects of openness. These essays are good at promoting openness across the world and they provide good information about China’s important role in promoting openness. For example the Belt and Road Initiative, which is discussed in the current report, is an important initiative in promoting openness, because it involves Chinese investments that are designed to promote economic growth in several countries of the world. It also transfers technical knowhow from qualified workers to countries that do not have it.

Openness and globalization have been on an upward trend since the large-scale industrializations of the twentieth century, with China both a main beneficiary since its opening up in the 1980s, and a main contributor through the Belt and Road Initiative and the expansion of its manufacturing exports. Intellectual exchange has also played a major role in promoting openness and collaborations across nations, contributing to scientific advance.

Recently, the expansion of globalization has been checked, with many companies starting to localize production, rather than continue using facilities and markets abroad. This is to a large extent due to one-off factors, such as the financial crisis of 2008, the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, all of which increased geopolitical uncertainties and let countries repatriate many activities. Repatriation of the production of goods and services without big losses was made possible by new digital technologies, which made localization of production easier to achieve.

Geopolitical tensions and disagreements about the role of international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, create uncertainty about the future; and uncertainty is a deterrent of investment in activities that involve collaborations with foreign countries. Unfortunately, this uncertainty is also a barrier to enjoying the benefits of more interaction with the rest of the world. Nations need to realise this truth and maintain their efforts to iron out their disagreements about economic openness. The coming of artificial intelligence and automation can be a catalyst in resolving disputes, but only if used correctly in humanity’s efforts to defeat poverty and achieve good levels of well-being for all.

The World Openness Report provides many useful insights how to achieve this objective, and I warmly congratulate the Hongqiao International Economic Forum and the Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy for Social Sciences for the initiate that they have taken and the quality of the Report that they have produced. It should become a standard reference for anyone interested in economic development and international economic relations and I look forward to reading future editions of the Report.

延伸阅读

《世界开放报告2022》发布暨国际研讨会精彩回顾

虹桥国际经济论坛

虹桥国际经济论坛是中国国际进口博览会的重要组成部分，围绕“全球开放”的核心主题和“国际公共产品”的功能定位，聚焦全球开放合作领域热点议题，为国际政商学研界搭建高端对话交流平台，为共建开放型世界经济和构建人类命运共同体建言献策，为全球各国发展贡献“虹桥智慧”。